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Red 

Underglaze-red
釉裡紅

Underglaze-red was a Jingdezhen innovation during the Yuan dynasty. Similar to the production of blue-and-white, copper pigment—which turns red after firing—was applied under a layer of transparent glaze before the ware was fired. In the past, copper served as the primary pigment for monochrome glazes, but as cobalt grew difficult to obtain from Yuan, copper became a substitute for cobalt. Towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, consignments of cobalt became less frequent due to a decline in trade with Persia, and as red was already designated as an imperial colour—highlighting the virtue of fire in the Hongwu period—both underglaze-and monochrome-red wares were produced in increasing quantities for official use, while the common people were forbidden from using the imperial underglaze-red.

元朝景德鎮創燒釉裡紅,與青花同屬釉下彩。銅料繪於胎上,再上透明釉,燒製後呈紅色。銅料在元朝時原用於調製單色釉,因用於製作青花瓷的進口鈷料供應短缺,不敷應用,故當時用銅料替補。及至元末明初,據學者推斷,因戰亂頻仍,外交轉局,貿易因而中斷,進口鈷料庫存更為緊絀,加上明朝崇尚火德,赤紅為朝廷用色,故當時釉裏紅產量大增。而釉裡紅為朝廷御製器皿,民間不能使用。

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Yuhuchun Vase
Yuan dynasty, 14th century, Jingdezhen 

Underglaze-red decoration
H. 28 cm

Motifs (top to bottom)
Plantain leaves
Lotus petal panels with cloud motifs
Leave
Peony scrolls
Lotus petal panels with cloud motifs

玉壺春瓶
元,14世紀,景德鎮
釉裏紅
高28厘米

紋飾(上至下)
蕉葉紋
如意雲紋蓮瓣
葉紋
牡丹紋
如意雲紋蓮瓣

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Yuhuchun Vase
Ming dynasty, Hongwu period (1368–98), Jingdezhen

Underglaze-red decoration
H. 34 cm

Motifs (top to bottom)
Plantain leaves
Key-frets
Scroll
Cloud collars
Camellia, pomegranate, chrysanthemum and peony sprays
Lotus petal panels
Scroll

玉壺春瓶
明洪武,1368–98年,景德鎮

釉裏紅
高34厘米

紋飾(上至下)
蕉葉紋
回紋
卷草紋
雲領
茶花、石榴、菊花、牡丹
蓮瓣
卷草紋

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Kendi
Ming dynasty, Hongwu period (1368–98), Jingdezhen 
Porcelain with underglaze-red decoration
H. 17 cm

Motifs (top to bottom)
Trefoils
Scrolls
Pointed petals
Cloud collars
Scrolls on spout
Peony sprays
Cloud collars

軍持
明洪武,1368–98年,景德鎮
釉裏紅
高17厘米

紋飾(上至下)
三葉草紋
卷草紋
尖瓣
雲領
卷草紋壺嘴
牡丹紋
雲領

Kendi is a loanword meaning a bottle with spout from South and Southeast Asia where the water vessel was used for Buddhist or Islamic ritual, for drinking or purifying. Kendi was transmitted to China as early as the Tang dynasty, grew popular in the Song dynasty as a secular utensil, and exported in large amount during the Yuan dynasty to Southeast Asia.

軍持為梵語音譯,即水瓶之意,常見於南亞及東南亞,佛教、伊斯蘭教儀式中以之盛水,飲用或淨化。軍持最早於唐朝傳至中國,於宋朝作為日常器皿,而元朝製作的軍持更出口至東南亞。

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Plate
Ming dynasty, Hongwu period (1368–98), Jingdezhen Underglaze-red decoration
Diam. 20 cm

Motifs (edge to centre)
Key-fret
Peony scrolls
Chrysanthemum spray


明洪武,1368–98年,景德鎮
釉裏紅
直徑20厘米

紋飾(外至內)
回紋
牡丹紋
菊花紋

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Dish
Ming dynasty, Hongwu period (1368–98), Jingdezhen Underglaze-red decoration
Diam. 47 cm

Motifs
Waves on foliated rim
Lotus sprays
Peony spray


明洪武,1368–98年,景德鎮
釉裏紅
直徑47厘米

紋飾
海浪紋花口
蓮花紋
牡丹紋

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Bowl
Ming dynasty, Hongwu period (1368–98), Jingdezhen

Underglaze-red decoration
Diam. 20cm

Exterior motifs (top to bottom)
Key-fret
Peony scrolls
Scrolls

Interior motifs (top to bottom)
Key-fret
Peony, pomegranate, chrysanthemum and camellia sprays
Peony spray


明洪武,1368–98年,景德鎮
釉裏紅
直徑20厘米

外部紋飾(上至下)
回紋
牡丹紋
卷草紋

內部紋飾(上至下)
回紋
牡丹、石榴、菊花、茶花
牡丹紋

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